An Alternate China Essays - Chinese Communists, Marxist Theorists

An Alternate China History 315 AN ALTERNATE CHINA The eulogies that stamped Deng Xiaoping's passing on February 19, 1999 were incredibly candid in their commendation of the financial changes he had released on China. Be that as it may, while getting rich has been wonderful for some Chinese, an a lot bigger number, despite the fact that appreciating a portion of the change's advantages live a less capital presence. We should begin back a couple of years for an appropriate examination. On June 4, 1989, there was a slaughter that occurred in Tinanmen Square in Beijing. It was a military concealment of understudies and others of a majority rules system development. This occurred under the Deng system. Numerous outside spectators were in understanding that desperate monetary outcomes would in all likelihood result from this political habit. It was viewed just as the Communist Party's hard-liners had triumphed and therefore any market changes would end. Measures previously actualized to control expansion joined with the merciless killings were presumably going to send China into a profound and delayed downturn. Something weird occurred however. Market changes, a long way from being deserted, were rather developed. From 1991 to 1994, China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded much more quickly than it had in the wild eyed 1980s when China drove the world in yearly normal development. This proceeding with monetary blast brought recognizable social outcomes. While normal expectations for everyday comforts kept on rising continuously through the mid-1990s, the awards of financial advancement were appropriated in an inexorably inconsistent manner. The hole among rich and poor, developing since the decade earlier, turned out to be increasingly more obvious during the 1990s. There are no official figures on the quantity of recently rich. A few appraisals have said that there might be upwards of 10 million moguls or so in China. This number is so generous when you consider how the People's Republic is the world's most quickly developing business sector for extravagance products. The essentialness of these numbers might be deciphered in different manners, however it is strikingly evident that China's communist market economy has immediately delivered a bourgeoisie class. This class of individuals happens to have an incredible stake in the current Communist request. Likewise noticeable and way progressively various are the 50 to 150 million laborers from monetarily discouraged provincial territories who have relocated to the urban communities looking for work. Living in shantytowns or just in the city, the lucky ones work as low-paid workers on nonstop building destinations. As the majority of us have seen on TV, youthful laborer ladies work in sweatshops under abusive conditions. Some are utilized as hirelings, caretakers, and housecleaners in the homes of urban experts. The vagrant laborers are to some degree an utilitarian underclass in that they accomplish the work that perpetual inhabitants of the city maintain a strategic distance from. Much the same as their partners in other entrepreneur nations, for example, our own, they serve to make life agreeable for the wealthy. One can without much of a stretch say that the fast improvement of the urban communities is halfway because of the boundless gracefully of modest work gave by provincial ou tsiders. The separation between urban China's rich and its poor workers is as wide a social hole as is probably going to be found in some other industrialist nation. It truly doesn't make a difference on the off chance that they are contrasted with created or creating countries. During Mao Zedong's years as the pioneer of China, life in China was plain, without a doubt. The vast majority of the populace strolled around wearing a similar blue coat that Mao did. This was their method of adjusting. Presently, at the end of the Deng time, there are awful boundaries of riches and destitution noticeable. The quick social change is as noteworthy as the fast change of the economy. It is valid, obviously, that there were emotional enhancements in the expectations for everyday comforts of the Chinese individuals during the rule of Deng Xiaoping. Regardless of how inconsistent conveyed the additions and whatever the social costs, practically all parts of society and all areas of the nation appreciate fundamentally more noteworthy livelihoods and better expectations of living than they did at the beginning of the change time frame. Be that as it may, likewise obvious, the incredible larger part of the working populace are survivors of more serious types of financial misuse than was the situation in the pre-Deng period. The working individuals in both city and open country

Harvard business publishing Essay Example for Free

Harvard business distributing Essay In mid-September of 2010, Emily Harris, VP of New Heritage Doll Company’s creation division, was gauging venture proposition for the company’s up and coming capital planning gatherings in October. Two proposition stood apart dependent on their capability to reinforce the division’s inventive product offerings and drive future development. In any case, because of limitations on money related and administrative assets, Harris knew it was conceivable that the firm’s capital planning board of trustees would decrease to affirm the two ventures. She additionally realized that New Heritage’s permitting and retail divisions would advance convincing undertakings of their own. Therefore, Harris must be set up to suggest one of her activities over the other. The Doll Industry Incomes in the U.S. toy and game industry totaled $42 billion of every 2008 and were anticipated to increment by 4.6% every year to $52.5 billion by 2013. The market was isolated into two wide sections: computer games (48%) and conventional toys and games (52%). The subsequent fragment was additionally isolated into newborn child/preschool toys (14.5%), dolls (14.1%), open air sports toys (12.3%), and different toys games (59.1%) including expressions and specialties, rich toys, activity figures, vehicles, and youth gadgets. The U.S. showcase for toys and games was ruled by enormous worldwide endeavors that appreciated economies of scale in structure, creation, and appropriation. Incomes were profoundly occasional; the biggest selling season in the United States harmonized with the winter occasion period. Inside the toy and game section, U.S. retail deals of dolls totaled $3.1 billion out of 2008 and were anticipated to develop by 3% every year to $3.6 billion by 2013. The doll class included huge, delicate, and smaller than usual dolls, just as doll attire and different adornments. The wonder of â€Å"age compression†Ã¢â‚¬ the propensity of more youthful youngsters to get dolls that had customarily been intended for more seasoned girlsâ€reduced development in the â€Å"baby-doll† sub-portion. Rivalry among doll makers was vivacious, as few enormous makers focused on comparable socioeconomics and promoted their dolls through similar media. Enduring establishment esteem for a marked line of dolls was uncommon; the tremendous accomplishment of Barbieâ ® dolls was a conspicuous special case. All the more as of late and on an a lot littler ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HBS Professor Timothy Luehrman and HBS MBA Heide Abelli arranged this case exclusively as a reason for class conversation and not as a support, a wellspring of essential information, or a representation of powerful or insufficient administration. This case, however dependent on genuine occasions, is fictionalized, and any similarity to real people or substances is unplanned. There are periodic references to genuine organizations in the portrayal. Copyright  © 2010 Harvard Business School Publishing. To arrange duplicates or solicitation authorization to repeat materials, call 1-800-545-7685, compose Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No piece of this distribution might be duplicated, put away in a recovery framework, utilized in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any structure or by any meansâ€electronic, mechanical, copying, recording, or otherwiseâ€without the authorization of Harvard Business Publishing. Harvard Business Publishing is a partner of Harvard Business School. Bought for use on the MSc Business Valuation, at Imperial College London. Educated by James Sefton, from 21-Aug-2013 to 31-Dec-2013. Request ref F211857. Utilization allowed distinctly inside these parameters in any case contact [emailprotected] Instructive material provided by The Case Center Copyright encoded A76HM-JUJ9K-PJMN9I Request reference F211857 New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting 4212 | New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting scale, New Heritage likewise had made a tough establishment for its line of legacy dolls. Be that as it may, the notoriety of most doll lines wound down following a couple of years. New Heritage Dolls By 2009, New Heritage had developed to 450 workers and created roughly $245 million of revenue1 and $27 million of working benefit from three divisions: creation, retailing, and authorizing. The creation division, talked about further beneath, structured and delivered dolls and doll extras. The retailing division offered a one of a kind â€Å"intergenerational experience† for grandmas, moms, and little girls, focused upon the character narratives and storylines of the company’s dolls and conveyed through an online site (42%), a mail-request paper index (33%), and a system of retail locations (25%). In monetary 2009, the retailing division produced generally $190 million of income and $4.8 million of working benefit. The authorizing division was begun in 1998, and spoke to the company’s freshest and most productive division. It looked to broaden the New Heritage mark and benefit from significant levels of client unwaveringness by specifically permitting the company’s doll characters and subjects to an assortment of media that came to the firm’s target segment of little child to pre-adolescent young ladies. In monetary year 2009 the permitting division created $24.5 million of income and $14.5 million in working benefit. New Heritage’s Production Division Creation was New Heritage’s biggest division as estimated by all out resources, and effectively its most resource serious. Around 75% of the division’s deals were made to the company’s retailing division, with the staying 25% containing private name merchandise produced for different firms. Table 1 sums up the division’s different wellsprings of income and working pay. Table 1 Creation Division Data: Income ($ millions) Working Income ($ millions) New Heritage’s dolls and frill were offered under unmistakable brands with various value focuses, focusing on young ladies between the ages of 3 and 12 years. The company’s child dolls were for the most part evaluated from $15â€$30, and were offered to more youthful young ladies in prior phases of improvement. These dolls commonly accompanied a â€Å"birth certificate† and a short close to home history. Dolls in the higher-finish of this class consolidated innovation that delivered a restricted measure of discourse and movement. For the 1 The division income figures incorporate around $95 million of inward deals inside divisions which are wiped out when thinking about united income for the organization. Satchels | HARVARD BUSINESS PUBLISHING Bought for use on the MSc Business Valuation, at Imperial College London. Educated by James Sefton, from 21-Aug-2013 to 31-Dec-2013. Request ref F211857. Utilization allowed uniquely inside these parameters in any case contact [emailprotected] Instructive material provided by The Case Center Copyright encoded A76HM-JUJ9K-PJMN9I Request reference F211857 The New Heritage Doll Company was established in 1985 by Ingrid Beckwith, a resigned clinician represent considerable authority in youngster advancement and the grandma of two little youngsters. Dr. Beckwith accepted the dolls delivered by the significant toy organizations did little to create girls’ creative mind or encourage a positive mental self view, so she made a line of dolls with one of a kind storylines and healthy topics. Dr. Beckwith’s dolls evoked an emotional response among moms and grandmas who additionally dismissed the dated, clichã ©d pictures depicted by the well known dolls of the day. New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting | 4212 New Heritage redistributed quite a bit of its creation to a select number of agreement producers in Asia. To guarantee item quality and wellbeing, the organization kept up a fulltime staff to regulate material sourcing, creation, and quality control nearby at every one of its assembling accomplices. Assembling exercises that necessary exact resistances or exclusive procedures, alongside all the inventive components (structure and item prototyping, for instance), were taken care of in-house at the company’s central station offices in Sacramento, California. Instructive material provided by The Case Center Copyright encoded A76HM-JUJ9K-PJMN9I Request reference F211857 Capital Budgeting at New Heritage New Heritage’s capital planning process held a portion of the casualness that described the company’s early years as an imaginative startup. As the organization developed, conscious advances were taken to decentralize a portion of the undertaking endorsement procedure and increment spending authority at the division level. Be that as it may, enormous as well as vital spending recommendations were audited at the corporate level by a capital planning board of trustees comprising of the CEO, CFO, COO, the controller, and the division presidents. The board of trustees inspected ventures for consistency with New Heritage’s business system and looked to adjust the requirements and needs of every division against useful monetary and hierarchical imperatives. The panel likewise looked to comprehend venture interdependencies and the potential for an offered speculation to fortify the entire organization, not exclusively the division proposing it. New Heritage’s capital financial plan was set by the directorate in interview with top officials, who thus looked for contribution from every one of the divisions. The capital and working spending plans were connected; truly, the capital financial plan involved roughly 15% of the company’s EBITDA. The board of trustees had constrained attentiveness to grow or get the spending plan, as indicated by its perspective on the nature of the venture openings, serious elements, and general industry conditions. Before being considered by the board of trustees, ventures were depicted, investigated, and summed up in independent proposition archives arranged by every division. These contained business portrayals, at any rate five years of working and income conjectures, spending prerequisites by resource classification,

More Psets!

More Psets! I woke up this morning at 8:15, 45 minutes after my alarm was going to go off. I go and look at my computer (which is supposed to be my alarm clock) to find that the power adapter askew enough that my laptops battery had completely drained. I wait 20 minutes for the shower, and then trudge through the rain to Sunnys, the greatest breakfast joint in Cambridge, to meet some friends for breakfastonly to run into them walking to campus on my way there. And thus began the second of the dreariest, grayest, rainiest first two days of school I can remember. Fortunately, I was intentionally getting up well before my classes started and the breakfast was tasty, so it all works out in the end. Anyway! Enough of that. I think of my list of potential blog entries as a stack, not a queue I do the most recent things first. So today Im exploiting that property to put off writing about last semester even longer in favor of the classic what-classes-am-I-taking-this-term post. Im signed up for 66 units of classwork this year. In theory, one unit corresponds to one hour of work per week, be that in the classroom, in lab, or at home. In practice, the correspondence usually isnt so great, but its still a good indicator of just how hosed youre going to be. To put this in perspective, for the last two terms Ive signed up for 51 units. This should be an interesting term. (Additionally, courses are broken down by how the expected distribution of hours, to give you a sense of how you will be spending your time. These are usually written A-B-C, which means A hours in the classroom, B hours in lab, and C hours doing out of class work. Ill go ahead and put those in, too.) 6.003 Signals and Systems (4-2-9): This class covers basic signals analysis, how to build filters, and analyzing things in the frequency domain, instead of the time domain by using Fourier, Laplace, and z-transforms. Lots of cool concepts, but the class has a reputation for being grungy math part II (to 6.002s grungy math part I). 6.004 Computation Structures (4-3-8): Alternatively titled by the instructors as The Way Digital Things Work. This class starts at the level of MOSFETs (basic electronic switching devices) and moves up through gates, modules, integrated circuits, processors, and a basic operating system. By showing you how to take some small thing, build something bigger, and then stop caring about the smaller thing, you learn how to build very, very complex components with millions or billions of individual MOSFETs. And in the process, you do actually build each of these pieces in simulation, using software that was designed for the course. 6.004 has a reputation for being one of the best classes in Course VI, and many people (Jessie included, I believe) count it as their favorite class at the tvte. This term, 6.004 is being co-taught by Steve Ward and Chris Terman. Im really excited about having another class with Chris, who was the professor for 6.111 last term. 6.033 Computer System Engineering (5-0-7): According to the Underground Guide Course Evaluations, covers everything you ever wanted to know about computers, but didnt know to ask. Things from how the X Windows System works to why Worse-Is-Better is a better development philosophy than Do-The-Right-Thing (the jurys still out on that one, for the record, or at least I think it is). It should be a good class, and the lecturers are supposed to be excellent. This class is also a CI-M, a communications intensive in major course. I have to have two to graduate, so this will finish off that requirement (6.111 was one as well). 18.440 Probability and Random Variables (3-0-9): Many of the EE-related classes require a probability class, either 6.041 or 18.440, which is supposed to be a little more mathematically rigorous. A friend of mine just changed his major to 18, and has to take 18.440 as one of the requirements, so I figured Id take that, because classes are always more fun when youre taking them with people you know. (Ok I wrote that blurb this morning, but having actually been to todays lecture, Im actually really excited about it, because while I usually hate probability, Professor Kelner seems to be a really good teacher who gives very well prepared lectures. Hes a recent MIT graduate student, so he also seems to be fairly understanding of students needs for example, hes planning to hold one set of office hours the night before the psets are due.) 17.42 Causes and Prevention of War (4-0-8): The only reason I signed up for this class is that lots of my friends were as well. Ive never taken a political science class before, so this should be interesting. Its a CI-H (communications intensive humanities). I need two of these as well, but I already have 2, so Im actually taking this one because it counts towards the HASS-D requirement (you have to take classes in a certain variety of disciplines. Please dont ask me to explain the various HASS requirements. I honestly dont think anyone really understands them). Hmmwell, I wrote just about everything up above this morning. Then classes happened, I got distracted, and am only just now finishing. It turns out that the end of my day made the perfect counterpart to the start of my day. First, some background. My room doesnt get much circulation, so as a general rule, I leave my window opened a few inches when I leave in the morning so that its not uncomfortably hot when I get back from classes. This is normally fine even when it rains because Burton-Conner has the interesting property that it always seems to be at a higher pressure than the outside world. That, combined with the screen in the window, seems to keep my room cool and dry. Of course, today I leave W20, where I had been doing homework, to walk home. After a day of fairly clear weather, its raining again, and harder than before. So I get back to my dorm soaked, and walk up to my room to find the third of my bed closest to the window nicely doused by the rain. But thats ok. It was a good day. My classes are interesting. My professors are good. It should be a good term.

Drug Abuse A Large Drawback Within The U. S - 1910 Words

Drug abuse could be a large drawback within the u. s.. it s caused by the misuse of the many totally different medicine that may cause you to urge high, overdose, and even lose your mind. medicine is abused in a very kind of other ways by individuals from each totally different variety of walk of life. Most folks are suffering from abuse either directly or indirectly. whether or not you grew up around it otherwise you simply met somebody or knew somebody that was suffering from the utilization of medicine. Drug abusers hurt themselves, further as their families, others that care, and conjointly the communities. abuse takes a huge toll on our society at many alternative levels. the price of abuse on our society is astronomical, not solely financially however conjointly in person, showing emotion, socially and professionally, whereas it s mentally moving the those that ar exploitation the drug. abuse is that the misuse or drug of any medication or drug, as well as alcohol, plants, and currently they even create things we tend to use round the shower, as well as tub salt, a natural high that associate degree very have an effect on the items we tend to do on an everyday basis. Today, these practices area unit threatening the inspiration of our society. Range the quantity of confirmed youth is increasing in number a day, devastation the full economy of our nation. Thousands of proficient youth s careers and also the dream of their folks area unit shattering a day because ofShow MoreRelatedAirborne Express 714476 Words   |  58 Pagesand it is increasing a case of one size fits all. According to the passage, although style and format are largely driven by the U.S. youth culture, content is tailored entirely to local markets. 2. Some people are concerned that teens exposed to large doses of U.S. youth culture on MTV networks will begin to identify less and less with their own societies. Others worry that teenager consumers in developing countries want more and more Western goods that they can’t afford. MTV’s response to suchRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 Pagespage within text. Copyright  © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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For information regarding permission(s), writeRead MoreInternal Revenue Code 1939278050 Words   |  1113 PagesUNITED STATES STATUTES AT LARGE CONTAINING THE LAWS AND CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS ENACTED DURING THE FIRST SESSION OF THE SEVENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1939 AND TREATIES, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OTHER THAN TREATIES, AND PROCLAMATIONS COMPILED, EDITED, INDEXED, AND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF LAW UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE VOLUME 53 PART 1 INTERNAL REVENUE CODE APPROVED FEBRUARY 10, 1939 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTONRead MorePrinciples of Managerial Finance4870 Words   |  20 Pagesof Corporate Investment Decisions Kim/Nofsinger Corporate Governance Van Horne Financial Management and Policy Madura Personal Finance* Van Horne/Wachowicz Fundamentals of Financial Management Marthinsen Risk Takers: Uses and Abuses of Financial Derivatives Weston/Mitchel/Mulherin Takeovers, Restructuring, and Corporate Governance McDonald Derivatives Markets titles Log onto www.myfinancelab.com to learn more Principles of Managerial Finance ThirteenthRead MorePrinciple of Finance4845 Words   |  20 Pagesof Corporate Investment Decisions Kim/Nofsinger Corporate Governance Van Horne Financial Management and Policy Madura Personal Finance* Van Horne/Wachowicz Fundamentals of Financial Management Marthinsen Risk Takers: Uses and Abuses of Financial Derivatives Weston/Mitchel/Mulherin Takeovers, Restructuring, and Corporate Governance McDonald Derivatives Markets titles Log onto www.myfinancelab.com to learn more Principles of Managerial Finance ThirteenthRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 Pagessystem. 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Homosexuality a Comparison of Western and Eastern Viewpoints

HOMOSEXUALITY: A COMPARISON OF WESTERN AND EASTERN VIEWPOINTS The purpose of this paper is to shed a positive light on homosexuality. The paper will also look at how religion has shaped the views that people have regarding homosexuality. It will be seen that, for the most part, Christianity in the West has encouraged people to take a negative attitude on the subject. By contrast, the Eastern religion of Buddhism has taught people to have a more tolerant attitude toward homosexuality. It will be argued that the negative view of homosexuality which is frequently encountered in the West is actually based more on political reasons than on moral reasons. It will also be argued that once the political reasons for opposing†¦show more content†¦They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity.[6] The Catholics are not the only group of Christians to see homosexuality as unnatural. For example, the members of the Protestant group known as the Presbyterians also feel this way. The writers of the Christian magazine The Plough also see homosexuality as being unnatural. In an article in The Plough, it was said: By unnatural we simply mean behavior which is contrary to the intent of nature.[7] According to this article, there are two reasons why homosexual activity should be seen as being unnatural. The first reason is because of the anatomy of the human reproductive system. In other words, the sexual organs of men and women are apparently designed for the purposes of heterosexual, rather than homosexual, sex. The second reason is that homosexuality leads to a host of strange infectious diseases.[8] Thus, the writers of The Plough feel that homosexuality is unnatural because it can lead to diseases such as AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea. What the writers dont mention is that heterosexual behaviors can also lead to these diseases. Some Christians are especially opposed to the homosexual practice of anal sex (orShow MoreRelated History Of Human Behavior Essay2758 Words   |  12 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition (Frey, 04/06). Psychologist self-concept attitudes. Its related to Psyche means call a persons self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the persons the integrateRead MoreHistory of Human Behavior2837 Words   |  12 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition. Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition (Frey, 04/06). Psychologist self-concept attitudes. Its related to Psyche means call a persons self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the persons the integrate part of humanRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesorientation | * Homosexuality * Demographics * Biology * Environment | History | * LGBT history * Timeline * Social movements | Culture | * LGBT community * Coming out * Pride * Slang * Symbols * Gay village | Rights | * Laws around the world * Marriage * Union * Adoption * Military service * Legal aspects of transsexualism | Social attitudes | * Heteronormativity * LGBT stereotypes * Queer * Religion and homosexuality * Religion andRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages †¢ Monetary funds for political campaigns raised through internet †¢ Allow citizens to voice their opinions whether in dissent or in support of political candidates †¢ BUT†¦ British general election (most memorable online moments pale by comparison: first political suicide by Twitter when a Labour candidate posted some crude comments) (moment that changed the campaign was a live televised debate where in a 90-minute contest, the Liberal Democrat leader, Nick Clegg, ended in clear victory andRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages........................................................................... 251 False Dilemma Fallacy....................................................................................................................... 253 Fallacy of Faulty Comparison .......................................................................................................... 256 Fallacious Appeal to Authority .....................................................................................................

Drug Courts Free Essays

The drug court is a unique effort that uses the occasion of a drug offence arrest as an intervention opportunity for drug offenders even though historical problems in criminal justice diversion and referral programs the Dade County success rates have shown that these problems can be overcome through unique collaborative relationships, innovative treatment design, and the elimination of conventional gaps in the referral- treatment-monitoring process. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the concept that drug courts are a far more effective method of punishment for drug offenders than the traditional route of incarceration. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 provided a potential one billions dollars for the subsequent five years to set up drug courts. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Courts or any similar topic only for you Order Now As jurisdictions move forward in the establishment of such courts, it is essential to consider the conceptual and clinical elements that have made drug courts successful in drug rehabilitation and crime prevention far more than incarcerations. The first drug court in Dade County, Florida, created in 1989, was the prototype. The three-phase Miami program for first and second cocaine offenders begins with arrest and overnight incarceration in the Dade County Stockade, and appearance the following morning before the drug court judge. The program was developed under the direction of Dade County Superior Court Judge Herbert Klein, with the assistance of Michael Smith, MD, and Director of Substance Abuse. After two years of the drug court’s operation, 4296 felony drug possession arrestees had been diverted to the program. Of these, 1600 had graduated the three-phase program with a 3% re-arrest rate 1153 were still in the program with a 7% re-arrest rate; 500 had their charges dismissed after program entry; and 1043 failed to comply with the program. Also, 90% of the arrestees who were offered the program accepted the program the other 10% were arraigned in regular Supreme Court no screening for â€Å"treatment-readiness† was conducted, meaning that this was a non-selected, typical group of cocaine addicted offenders; 60% of the program graduates required at least a brief in-patient stay during their treatment most of the â€Å"failure to comply† drop-out group left the program in the first three weeks of participation 30% of the dropout sgroup later returned to the program either voluntarily, by summons, or by repeat minor arrest. The cost was given at $750 per client, per year. Clients pay mandated fees for the program, and the program is partially funded by a special fine levied on a certain class of traffic offense. When the program began, seized assets were used for part of the program startup costs. References WWW. DDRS. COM Promptly at 8 o’clock on Tuesday night at the community church in my home town largo, Maryland, there are life changing effort from alcoholics in the community, I have had the pleasure of witnessing these efforts with my own eyes and I must say it is truly eye opening. The reason for these meetings is for alcoholics to have time to relate to others and share their feelings and concern with their peers. At the start of the meeting the group leader leads the group with a prayer and words of wisdom, shortly after they allow the person in a attends to help themselves to snack and drinks alcohol free, normally the administer name tags but on the particular day on my attendant they were out. The group leader made it clear that if you were not in the mode to speak all you have to do was say pass in order for me to not insult the others in attended at the meeting I sat in the circle with the group. The group leader asked each individual person to introduce there selves being that the name tags where not at the groups disposal, after being ask for their names they were given an opportunity individual to share what was on their mind most of everyone spoke, A guy named Louis who shared said he is ready for the rain to end and broke down in tears. Right then and there I realize that being a alcoholic was not a life chose but more so a sickness. The group leader would often lecture as well as ask others very specific questions to different individual. At the end of the meeting the group leader close with more words of wisdom as well as a prayer. The A. A meeting was a great experience as well life changing I was very proud to see others with courage talk about their biggest life problems. I would defiantly recommend these meetings to anyone with addiction, on the simple fact of other and peers being able to relate to the same problem that you have make you feel like you’re getting thru it together. {copied directly from the notepad I brought to the meeting wanted to keep it authentic sorry for all the eras} How to cite Drug Courts, Papers

Porosity And Fluid Saturations Essays (954 words) - Hydrology

Porosity And Fluid Saturations POROSITY: Porosity is the best known physical characteristic of an oil reservoir.It determines the volume of oil or gas present,and all recovery computations must be based on knowledge of its value. Porosity of a material is defined as that fraction of the bulk volume of this material that is not occupied by the solid framework of the material.In oil reservoirs,the porosity represents the percentage of the total space that is available for occupancy by eighter liquids or gases.It determines the storage capacity of the sand and is generally expressed on a percentage basis or as a fraction or a decimal. One may distinguish two types of porosity,namely,absolute and effective: Absolute porosity is the percentage of total void space with respect to the bulk volume regardless of the interconnection of the pore voids. Effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected void space with respect to the bulk volume. Effective Porosity Measurements: Grain volume methods:In these methods the consolidated sample is solvent extracted and dried;the bulk volume is determined eighter by the displacement of a liquid which does not penetrate the sample or by saturating the sample and volumetrically displacing a suitable liquid with the saturated sample.The grain volume,or volume of the solid framework of the sample,maybe measured by the volumetric displacement of a gas or a liquid,while the pore volume may be measured by determining the amount of liguid neccesary to saturate the sample. It is obvious that the percentage of porosity may be calculated from such data by use of eighter of the two following relationships: Per cent porosity=100x(bulk volume - grain volume/bulk volume) OR Per cent porosity=100x(pore volume/bulk volume) Bulk volume determination:The bulk volume of the extracted and dried samples may be determined by volumetric displacement of mercury. Pore gas expansion method:The measurements of porosity may also be made by the pore-gas expansion method,or so-called Washburn-Bunting method.(1922).This method makes use of a modified Toepler pump so much in use in high-vacuum techniques in order to produce the barometric vacuum and remove air from a dried core.The bulk volume of the core must be known from other tests. Mercury-injection method:When a rock has a very small fraction of void space,it is diffucult to measure it by methods previously discussed.One may then resort to forcing a noncompressible liquid into the sample under very high pressure.The original idea appears to have been that of Horner(1944). Loss of weight method:The measurement of the grain volume of a core sample may also be determined by the loss in weight of a saturated sample plunged in a liquid. Liquid saturation Method:Measurements of pore volume may also be achieved by liquid saturation. Porosity of large core samples:A technique is advocated by Locke and Bliss(1950) for the measurement of porosity in large cores,i.e,cores as recovered from drilling operations without further reduction in size by sampling of small plugs. Absolute Porosity Measurement:In the determination of absolute porosity,it is required that all nonconnecting as well as interconnecting pores be accounted for. FLUID SATURATIONS: Methods for the determination of reservoir fluid saturations in place consist in analyzing reservoir core samples for water and oil,the saturation in gas being obtained by difference since the sum of the saturations in the three fluids is equal to unity. As a general practice a simple procedure is to determine the water saturation of a sample by a suitable technique and then to measure the total loss of weight of the sample on extraction and drying.The quantity of oil present is then calculated by subtracting the weight of water found from the total loss in weight.The methods which may be recommended for this determination will be discussed briefly. Distillation method: Water saturation may be determined by distillation methods such as the ASTM method and the Dean and Stark method. Critical solution temperature method:A fluid saturation method whick makes use of the critical solutoin tempereture has been described by Taylor(1938). Titration method: Another procedure for saturation determination makes use of the titration method. Retort method: the procedures discussed above are nearly all combinations or modifications of methoads previously described in the availble literature which have been found satisfoctory in handling a great variety of core samples with various requirements of rapididty and accuracy. Other methods have been tested and found to be less desirable, such as the retort method( Yuster and Levine, 1938). The main objection to

Resolve to Read the Classics!

Resolve to Read the Classics! Have you decided that this is your year  for reading more Classic Literature? Weve got some helpful suggestions for books to read, clubs to consider forming or joining, genres to discover, and even ways to beat the reading slumps!   Reading Lists Have a Play-Full New Year! One of the more overlooked genres of classic literature (or any literature, really) is drama. Readers tend to gravitate towards novels, first, and poetry second. But the truth is, there are a number of classic plays of various modes, including comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, and histories that are incredibly interesting, entertaining, and educational! Click the link above to see what plays we recommend reading this year! Tackle this List of 101 Classics Have you always wanted to read the classics but have been intimidated by the sheer number of them? Maybe you’ve heard of classic writers like Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, but you aren’t sure who else qualifies? The list of 101 Classics provides a wealth of options across all genres, modes, and literary periods. There is definitely something for every reader. Check it out! Classic Young Adult Literature Did you know that there are a significant number of so-called â€Å"young adult† novels that also fit the genre of classic literature? This category has been increasing in popularity over the last decade, so we’ve compiled a list of some of the very best classic works that resonate with younger readers or which are narrated by young adults. How About some Literary Resolutions? Every year, January rolls around and we find ourselves making a variety of resolutions. It might be to lose weight, to manage our budget a little better, or to try new things. But have you ever considered adding reading resolutions to that list? This post will provide you with a number of various resolutions that you as a Classic Literature-lover are sure to enjoy (and might actually succeed in keeping!). Try These Books to Beat the Classics Slump This list is designed for those of us who are regular readers of classic literature but who have, for whatever reason, found ourselves in a bit of a reading slump. Maybe we’ve been trying a genre that’s not speaking to us at the moment, or a period that we’re not responding to. The books above are meant to help you break out of the slump and enjoy the classics all over again! Book Club Information What Is a Book Club, anyway? This might sound like a simple, easy question, but how often have you thought about it? What is a book club, really, and why are they important? What should a book club do for you, and what should you expect from it? Here are some of our thoughts on the subject. What About Online Book Clubs? Another question we might ask ourselves is, what about this whole online book club thing? How do they work? How are they organized? Do we use web cams, blogs, or other pre-arranged book sites? There are a number of pros and cons to the online scene, and we address some of each here. Join/Start a Book Club or Reading Group Now that weve thought about what a book club really is, and whether we might want to participate in an online or traditional format, there are some other questions to address. For example, how exactly can we go about forming a book club? And, once weve formed it, how can we develop rules and expectations? How might we make the club fun? What are some of the issues that typically arise? Be ready to tackle all of these questions and more by browsing our thoughts on the subject. How to Select a Classic Book for Your Book Club Since youre browsing the Classic Literature section of About.com, its likely that youre not only interested in starting a book club, but perhaps a book club that specifically works with Classic literature. Well, how do you go about selecting those classics? How can you make a potentially-eclectic and skills-diverse group happy with your choices? Here are some suggestions! Common Rules and Standards for Your Book Club Finally, now that youve formed your book club and decided how to choose your readings, its time to think about the rules and expectations. Believe it or not, even a book club can be prone to confusion, tension, and other issues. Its important that everyone knows and agrees to the rules right away. This post offers some ideas about guidelines to help your group stay positive and successful.

HAYES Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

HAYES Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning The  Hayes  surname has several possible origins: An English or Scottish place name for a man who lived near an enclosure  haeg  or  heye, an area of forest fenced off for hunting. The Hayes surname may also have been derived from the old English  haes  or the old French word  heis, both meaning brushwood. As an Irish surname, Hayes may be an Anglicized form of the Gaelic surname Ó hAodha, meaning descendant of Aodh. Aodh was a popular given name in early Ireland, adapted from the  old Irish name ed, meaning fire  In County Cork the Ó hAodha surname was commonly Anglicized as  OHea. In County Ulster, it became  Hughes.  Some  uses of the Hayes surname in Ireland, especially in County Wexford, could possibly be of English origin. HAYES was the  100th most common American surname in 1990 but had dropped to #119 by the time of the  2000 U.S. census. Alternate Surname Spellings:  HAY, HAYE, HAYS, HEAS, HEYES, HIGHES, OHEA, HEASE, HEYES, HEISE Surname Origin: English, Scottish, Irish Where in the World is the HAYES Surname Found? The Hayes surname was found throughout Ireland in the mid-19th century, according to The Irish Times map of  Hayes households in the Ireland Primary Valuation property survey of 1847-64. The name was found most prevalently, however, in southern Ireland- especially the counties of Cork, Tipperary, Limerick, and Waterford. Their map of Hayes births between 1864 and 1913 shows the largest number born in the registration district of Limerick, followed by Clonakilty and Cork. According to  WorldNames public profiler, the Hayes surname is found most prevalently in Ireland, followed by Australia, northwest England (around Liverpool),  the United States  and New Zealand. Famous People with the HAYES Surname Rutherford B. Hayes  - 19th president of the United StatesLee Hays - American singer/songwriterHelen Hayes -  American actress; recipient of an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a TonyJoanna Hayes - second American in history to win the Gold medal at the 100-meter hurdlesBob Hayes -  American sprinter and football playerCharles Melville Hays - a victim of the 1912 Titanic disasterSir John Hayes - explorer for the British East India CompanyIra Hamilton Hayes  - Hero who raised U.S. flag at Iwo JimaHunter Hayes  - American country singerAlexander Hayes  - Union army general in the Civil War Genealogy Resources for the Surname HAYES Meanings of Common Scottish Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your Scottish last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common Scottish surnames.Meanings and Origins of Common Surnames of Ireland: Ireland was one of the first countries to adopt hereditary surnames. Here are the meanings of fifty of the most common surnames in Ireland.My FamilyTree DNA Hayes Project: Over 185 members have already joined this DNA genealogy project, working together to connect the results of genetic ancestral testing, with traditional genealogy research, to place members in various family lines.Hayes Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Hayes surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hayes surname query.FamilySearch - HAYES Genealogy: Explore over 5 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Hayes surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HAYES Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Hayes surname.DistantCousin.com - HAYES Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hayes.The Hayes Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hayes surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Formulate Goals and a Statement of Intent Assignment

Formulate Goals and a Statement of Intent - Assignment Example The velocity of sound in air is different from the velocity of sound within the tube; this is because of the walls of the tube. A closed tube resonate if the length of the tube is  ¼ the wavelength. The tube can also resonate if the wavelength is 3/4, 5/4, and 7/4. Since the air that is in contact with the water surface cannot move. The length of air column must be equivalent to the odd multiple of  ¼ wavelength of the sound wave. However, the distance between two adjacent water levels, which correspond to resonance will be exactly  ½ of wavelength as shown in the figure below. The resonance gives an easy way vary the length of the closed tube. Holding a vibrating turning fork at a fixed location the height of the water level was varied. This was used to record the height h when resonance occurs. Notation was made regarding the relative pitch of sound. Two frequencies was used Although the folk vibrate at different frequency the frequency were related; the first frequency is half the second frequency. This is because the height was reduced by half. The frequency measured was also consistent with the turning folk and the sound sensor measurement. Closed tube sound waves are always reflected back and forth inside the tube. The length of the tube is the correct multiple of ÃŽ »; the bouncing wave can resonate in the tube. Standing wave will be produced in the tube sending waves of known frequency. Increasing the length of the tube increases the loudness (resonating). A wave occurs when a string or air is set into vibration, the wave have velocity and frequency for it to travel. When two waves travel in two opposite direction, the interference between the two creates a phenomenon known as standing wave. The wave has got both nodes and antinodes. It is the resonance of the wave that is vibrating the air; this creates musical sounds which are mostly used in

Report nokia company from 2003 -2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report nokia company from 2003 -2008 - Essay Example Importance is given to teamwork and mutual respect (Nokia-b, 2010). In the beginning of 2008 the company announced a new â€Å"company structure†. It aims at aligning the opportunities in the company with future growth prospects. Nokia also plans to increase the efficiency of the working ways across the company. According to the Articles of the company and Finnish Companies Act the management and control of the company is divided between the company shareholders, the Board of Directors,, President and Group Executive Board headed by the CEO. The Board gives decisions relating to the activities of the Group including crucial investment decisions, approval of plans and divestments. The Group Executive Board of the company is in charge of managing company operations (Nokia-c, 2010). The competitors of the company are LM Ericsson Telephone Company, Motorola Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Nokia has the highest market capitalization out of all the above mentioned competitors. In terms of sales the company ranks first among its competitors. Nokia has operations across China, Finland, India and Germany. In these countries the company offers Networks Technology. Nokia offers â€Å"mobile devices and technology† services in China, Brazil, Great Britain, Finland, India, Hungary, Mexico, South Korea and Romania (Nokia-d, 2010). The devices unit of the company is in charge of managing and developing its mobile services portfolio. Nokia Siemens Network offers fixed network infrastructure, wireless, networks and communications service platforms and professional services to service providers and operators. NAVTEQ is a major provider of â€Å"digital map data† for mobile navigation devices, internet based applications and business & government solutions. The map data of NAVTEQ is a significant part of the map services of Nokia which provide downloadable maps and voice-based navigation (Nokia-f, 2009). The vision of the company is based on the

New Public Management (NPM) in Secure Training Centres

New Public Management (NPM) in Secure Training Centres 1. Introduction The management and organization of the public services in the UK became an issue of intense debate and discussion in the early eighties, coming under intense pressure for large-scale change. This demand to bring about wide ranging transformation in the working of the public administration arose mainly because of the negative perceptions of the conservative government about public sector working, especially concerning issues like bureaucratic inefficiency, lack of commitment, misallocation of funds, and overstaffing. The surfacing of new organisational configurations, roles, and cultures led to extensive questioning of well recognized and firmly established public sector patterns and to the challenging of standardised and professionalized welfare state agencies. Subsequent privatization and restructuring in numerous different public organisations led to the development of New Public Management, a broad based concept that spread to other states like the USA, Australia, and especially N ew Zealand, where its implementation became extensive. Over the years, the implementation of New Public Management (NPM) has come under increasing criticism. Public and media disillusionment at its failure to solve many problematic issues related to older methods of public governance, have tended to go hand in hand with the realisation that old fashioned public organisations also had several positive factors, which were necessary to the approach and working of public services.. These included a measure of stability, lack of personnel turnover, an insistence on required process, fairness in treatment, integrity, and answerability. Qualities like these, which constituted the other side of public sector working and had come to be largely accepted, and possibly ignored, during the debate on the need for change , came to the fore, especially in the case of public institutions or departments that dealt in areas of social responsibility, like, for example, the health, justice, and child welfare systems. One such area of increasing public anxiety and media debate concerns the working of Secure Training Centres (STCs) for young offenders under NPM methodology and practice. These institutes, which come under the purview and control of the Youth Justice Board, (YJB) are responsible for the secure custody, training, and rehabilitation of young offenders sentenced to custodial terms. STCs aim to ensure the smooth reintegration of their wards into society at the end of their custody periods, through required counselling, education and training. Their success is critical to (a) ensuring reduction of reoffending incidents, (b) rerouting the lives of disturbed young people, (c) motivating them to forsake criminal options, (d) building up their employment and earning skills, and (d) facilitating their reintegration with society. The area has come into sharp focus in recent months because of the introduction of rules empowering officials to use force under specific circumstances, and the suicid e of a young inmate following an episode of forceful restraint. This essay aims to study and analyse the use of NPM practices in the working of Secure Training Centres in the UK. The study of New Public Management, until now, has remained restricted to the domain of researchers and scholars of public administration, with business school professors preferring to focus on the working of private companies. While this is surprising considering the contribution of not-for-profit institutions and voluntary associations in the development of organization theory, a number of scholarly studies and research assignments on public sector organisations do exist. Some of these, along with information available on the internet and from media reports have served as information sources for this assignment. 2. Commentary a. Origins of New Public Management The public and private sectors constitute the two broad divisions of society, with their institutional separation evident on a global basis. The public sector comprises of organisations that belong to the entity known as the ‘state’ or the ‘government’. However, its scope is much wider than that associated with either of these two well-known concepts and contains, in its ambit, numerous kinds of governmental actions at diverse levels, varieties of public finance, as well as general public governance and regulation. Historically the role of the public sector in national life has moved through various stages, from being minimal in the nineteenth century, through a period characterised by social reformism and greater involvement of the government in public affairs, in the first half of the twentieth century, to that of the welfare state of the post war years. The welfare state functioned in the UK from the end of the Second World War, until well into the 1980s. It came into being on the assumption that private organisations, meaning charitable bodies, did not have either the resources or the competence to look after weaker sections and that the state needed to take care of its citizens from birth to death. These welfare services thereafter became the functions of professional public sector employees, specifically chosen and trained to handle their responsibilities. The concept of the welfare state came under severe criticism and pressure for change from the conservatives because of its many perceived deficiencies, chief among which were the rationing attitude of public servants, who (because of their war years mentality), were unable to respond to the needs of a changed citizenry, the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of public sector officials, and the greed of public sector trade unions, who put their own needs before those of their communities. Widespread changes in the role of public administration led to privatisation of numerous public sector organisations and their eclipse from the economic sector. In social and community sectors the conservatives pushed the concept of the enabling state, where planning and funding would remain within the responsibility of the state, while service provision would devolve upon private players. Privatisatisation, experts felt, would help not only in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of provisioning of services, but also in its responsiveness to individual requirement. (Ferlie, Mclaughlin and Osborne, 2002) This approach in public sector approach, which came to be known as NPM, owes its origins first, to a distrust of bureaucracy and public administration to provide public services with economy, efficiency, and effectiveness, and second, to an apprehension concerning the incorrect use of professional powers by bureaucrats, leading to the possible disempowerment of general community members. Although considerable debate and contention still exists over the exact implications of NPM, there is broad consensus over its seven important components. (a) a focus on hands-on and entrepreneurial management, as opposed to the traditional bureaucratic focus of the public administrator (b) explicit standards and measures of performance,(c) an emphasis on output controls, (d) the importance of the disaggregation and decentralization of public services, (e) a stress on private sector styles of management and their superiority, (f) a shift to the promotion of competition in the provision of public services, and (g) the promotion of discipline and parsimony in resource allocation (Ferlie, Mclaughlin and Osborne, 2002) One important spin off that arose from these tenets was the development of an enlarged emphasis upon outsourcing services by public sector organisations from private service providers in many sectors, including in those responsible for health, childcare, and prison management. b. Young Offenders and Secure Training Centres Statistics and information available from official websites and other information sources on crime and offending by young people in the UK reveal the issue to be one of great worry and concern. Young offenders come under the purview of the Youth Justice Board, (YJB) an established non-governmental public body, charged with preventing offending by young people and children through the formulation and use of measures for prevention of crime, identification and dealing with young offenders, and reduction of reoffending. YJB figures indicate that approximately 150,000 people enter the justice system each year, nearly half of whom are of school age. The percentages of young people coming into the purview of the YJB from black or mixed race backgrounds are significantly higher than their actual demographic distribution, especially in the under 16 groups. While nearly 75 % of the young offenders are let off with reprimands, curfews and fines, 17 percent are sentenced to community work while 4 %, i.e., around 600 young people receive custodial sentences. Custodial sentences vary from 4 months to two years and normally need serving in conjunction with a certain amount of community work. Custodial arrangements are of three types, Secure Children’s Homes, (SCHs) Secure Training Centres (SCTs) and Young Offender Institutions (YOIs). SCHs and SCTs house children aged between 12 and 17, whereas YOIs house young offenders aged 15 to 21, with people aged 15 to 17 and 18 to 21 held in separate enclosures. YJB officials decide upon the place of custody after considering relevant factors that include assessments of vulnerability, needs of other young people in custody, and availability of custodial accommodation. An overwhelming proportion of the young people who enter the youth justice system come from deprived and disadvantaged backgrounds and many have histories of substance misuse, mental health problems and economically weak, disturbed or disrupted family backgrounds. Their educational backgrounds, in comparison with the general population, are also extremely deficient. Surveys reveal that 81 % of the sentenced boys were not going to school, at the time of sentencing, and 41 % had not gone to school at all after 14. In fact, a startling 75 % of the offenders appearing before the youth justice courts have histories of temporary or permanent school exclusion. Many of them have special counselling and mental health needs that require urgent attention. (Background paper, 2000) While the young people who come into the custodial system share backgrounds of severe disadvantage, deprivation and exclusion from school, the people who exit from YOIs, SCHs and SCTs have a marked predilection to return to offending actions. The number of reoffenders is extremely high with approximately four out of five (78 %) young persons sentenced to custody reoffending within one year. Statistics reveal that the proclivity to offend in these people continues in later years and 40 % of ex prisoners have a history of being young offenders. (Background paper, 2000) Prima facie, it does appear that the custodial system currently in practice, (the result of policy changes, public private participation, NPM, and outsourcing of governmental activities to private players) has not only been unable to meet its objectives but is possibly worsening with time. Considering that it costs twice as much to educate a young person in custody than outside, the whole situation is nothing les than a scathing indictment of the NPM system in childcare, children’s education, and youth justice in the UK. Exclusion from school becomes a major causal factor in offending and the occurrence of crime, which in turn leads the state to arrange for dispensation of justice, housing of children in custody, and providing for their training and education. While considerable public effort and expense goes into this process, the continuance of reoffending indicates the occurrence and continuance of large-scale systemic failure, notwithstanding the laudatory comments of the YJB on the effectiveness of the youth justice system. The present custodial system, of which STCs are an integral part, is representative of NPM and public private participation, in which governmental departments, local authorities and private players play similar and overlapping roles. Vulnerable young people, aged between 12 and 17 stay in these institutions while serving custodial sentences. Apart from housing them in restricted secure surroundings these institutions are under governmental mandate to provide counselling, education and training in order to (a) facilitate their reintegration into the broader community, (a) increase their earning ability, (c) help them to disengage from criminal actions and (d) eliminate their proclivity to reoffend. While Secure Training Centres, Secure Children’s Homes and Young Offenders Institutions all come under the purview of the YJB and form part of the custodial system, their control falls under different institutions. While all of the seventeen YOIs are run by the prison service, all bu t one of the fifteen SCHs are run by local authorities, and the four SCHs are run by private service providers. c. Management and Administration of SCTs Secure Training Centres are establishments specially built for housing young offenders up to the age of 17 and are representative of NPM concepts, which while keeping planning and funding of public service with the state, call for service provisioning by the private sector. Private agencies, appointed after appraisal and selection, run these institutions under contracts that contain detailed terms and operational requirements. At present, there are four STCs in England, at Oakhill in Milton Keynes, Bedfordshire, at Hassockfield in Consett, County Durham, at Rainsbrook in Rugby, Northamptonshire, and at Medway in Rochester, Kent. These establishments have accommodation for 58 to 87 persons with not more than eight places in each house. The total population of STCs is currently about 270. The formation of STCs represents a major governmental initiative in bringing about much needed reform in the youth justice system. Conceived in the initial years of the 2000s, STCs aim to play a major role in rehabilitating young offenders and ensuring their integration in normal community life. While the original plan envisaged the progressive establishment of 31 STCs, only four are in operation, with the functioning of some of them coming in for trenchant criticism. STCs are responsible for housing vulnerable young people sentenced to custody or remanded to secure accommodation and have a wide ranging and demanding set of responsibilities, which include (a) provisioning of secure housing, (b) taking care of the individual and collective needs of the trainees, including nutrition, hygiene, cleanliness, physical activity, medical aid, and absence of substance misuse, (c) providing focussed and tailored programmes for education and vocational development (d) ensuring appropriate couns elling and treatment for disturbed children and (e) fostering links with their home communities. Their responsibilities are not just onerous but critical because of their enormous potential to influence the lives of young people, who, because of socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds, commit offences that involve custodial sentencing. Many of the trainees are vulnerable, have lived traumatised lives in environments of economic deprivation, substance misuse, and domestic violence, and need help from expert and trained professionals. â€Å"The report accepts that many of the 10 to 17-year-olds held in young offender institutions, secure training centres and local authority secure childrens homes have had chaotic and abusive childhoods and lack clear boundaries to their behaviour.† (Child jail restraint criticised, 2006) The effectiveness of these institutions is causal in the trainees choosing to enter normal society or returning to their familiar environs of socia l exclusion, repeated offending, and criminality. STCs are contractually bound to provide these services effectively and all employees require undergoing specific training programmes. Counselling, social and medical services are available from the local social and medical infrastructure. All secure training centres are also required to undergo periodic checks from external governmental agencies as well as watchdogs like Ofsted for assessment of actual service levels. While STCs are undoubtedly fulfilling a vital need in custodial requirements, their major failure relates to their inability to reduce reoffending, which at 79 %, points to a gross failure in their major objective of rehabilitation. Inspection reports also point to disparities in the efficiency and effectiveness of different STCs, the absence of improvement between periodic inspections and non-implementation of recommendations. This is also supported by intermittent incidents involving the use of forceful restraint, which in the recent past was possibly causal in the su icide of an inmate, (with a history of mental disturbance), and attracted significant media attention and debate. The running of STCs is especially difficult because it involves functions that on occasion contradict each other and exert immense pressure on the people running these institutions. Secure custody, on one hand, involves dealing with young people who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, have committed serious offences, and possess attitudes that are possibly brutalised and dangerous, necessitating the use of restrictive custodial measures and force, if the situation so demands. On the other hand, trainees need to care, empathy, and deep understanding of the reasons that have led them to their current states. These functions, of prison keepers and social workers, are mutually contradictory and create significant tensions when required of the same group of people. Private organizations, when faced with these demands, respond with systems designed to meet these differing requirements but remain inherently flawed because of their inherent contradictions. These organisations are also not f unded by open-ended or liberal funding schemes and have both cost constraints and profit motives that are bound to influence their working. Employees who work in such organisations generally to the profiles of members of marketised institutions, give their careers and individual progress preference, and lack both the commitment or ideology of charitable workers, and the job security of public sector employees. Expecting these private sector managers and employees to adapt to such challenging needs creates enormous tensions. A number of inspection reports have pointed to the high incidence of turnover, a phenomenon that automatically leads to breaks and discontinuities in relationships between the workers and trainees and results in the emergence of destabilizing conditions, especially where mentally disturbed children are involved. Services at Oakhill Secure Training Centre are inconsistent, with evidence that poor practice is being institutionalised, inspectors concluded yesterday. A Commission for Social Care Inspection probeof the centre for 80 young offenders in Milton Keynes last June found its progress had slowed since a previous inspection in May 2005. While safeguarding had improved since the previous inspection, where this area was criticised, progress was reliant on one particular manager. The inspection also found services at the facility, run by Group 4 Securicor, were ran in isolation with considerable scope for integrating health, education, substance misuse and other services (Samuel, 2007) Investigations into the suicide of thirteen-year-old Alisha Ishmail, the child prostitute who died of a drug overdose in a Camden Town after escaping from a secure home, link her mental state to the number of homes she had to move to during her period in care, and to the consequent breakdown of helpful relationships. Philip Haynes, in his treatise on â€Å"Managing Complexity in the Public Services† refers to the contradictions and tensions that arise when general management ideas used in profit oriented private businesses are imported and applied to the running of public service organisations. While their use is possibly effective in the running of utilities, enormous contradictions and tensions arise on the application of these tenets in public service institutions like the one under study. Policy makers need to realize that the business policies used by Unilever executives are not usable in looking after their disturbed teenagers, and that furthermore these very executives, however effective they may be in their functions, will never apply the strategies used with business suppliers to solve issues in home environments. Public officials who insist upon the need for using force for dealing with these children need to realise that these children do not fill the profiles of errant suppliers who need taming and that the suicides of 15 year old Gareth Myatt and 14 year old Adam Rickwood could have been avoided if STC officials gave adequate attention to their mental health needs, instead of using heavily built workers to restrain them and twist their noses in order to cause painful and temporary incapacitation. 3. Conclusion New Public Management, in its essence, involves the import of private sector management methods, perceived to be competitive, efficient, economic, objective and effective into public sector organisations. While these methods do have relevance in certain public undertakings, especially where they concern issues like utilities and transport, they prove to be of limited relevance in institutions that deal with servicing the community, childcare, health services, and the care and rehabilitation of young offenders, as well as mentally disturbed adult prisoners being prime examples of such areas. As Haynes points out the introduction of methods based upon economic and practical considerations in such people oriented sectors leads to the development of numerous contradictions and the generation of enormously complex situations that debilitate the working and structure of involved organizations. (Haynes, 2003) Policy makers need to consider these issues seriously and realise the inadequacy of catchall solutions and detached systematic working in areas that need individual attention for effective results. In the case of STCs appropriate solutions would include the introduction of far more detailed mental health examinations of new entrants, especially in consultation with relatives, greater emphasis upon communication with trainees, increased interaction of trainees with social workers, separation of custodial and rehabilitation functions, measures to reduce staff turnover and increase monitoring of staff behaviour, and strict vigilance on use of forceful restraining measures. The private sector argument of most of these suggestions leading to cost ineffectiveness and inefficient working needs outright rejection considering the enormous financial and social costs of the current, ostensibly â€Å"efficient† system. References Background Paper, (2000) Education of young people supervised by the youth justice system, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from www.dfes.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/BACKGROUND PAPER -finaldraft (1).doc – Box, R. C., Marshall, G. S., Reed, B., Reed, C. M. (2001) New Public Management and Substantive Democracy. Public Administration Review, 61(5), 608. Child jail restraint criticised, (2006), BBC News, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/4722652.stm Doherty, T. L., Horne, T. (2002). Managing Public ServicesImplementing Changes: A Thoughtful Approach to the Practice of Management. London: Routledge. Ferlie, E., Ashburner, L., Fitzgerald, L., Pettigrew, A. (1996). The New Public Management in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press Hood, C., Peters, G. (2004). The Middle Aging of New Public Management: Into the Age of Paradox?. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 267+. Lane, J. (2000). New Public Management. London: Routledge. Mclaughlin, K., Osborne, S. P., Ferlie, E. (Eds.). (2002). New Public Management: Current Trends and Future Prospects. London: Routledge. Haynes, P. (2003) Chapter 1, Management, professions and the public service context in Managing Complexity in the Public Services Maidenhead: Open University Press, Samuel, M, 2007, Services at Oakhill Secure Training Centre inconsistent, warn inspectors, Community Care, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from www.communitycare.co.uk Thomas, C. J. (1999). Managers, Part of the Problem? Changing How the Public Sector Works. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Van Slyke, D. M. (2002). The Public Management Challenges of Contracting with Nonprofits for Social Services. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(4), 489+.

Measuring Return on Investment (ROI)

Before starting to compare and measure the return of investment for an information system, it is better to define terms such as Information Technology and Return of Investment or ROI. Information technology is a field concerned with the production, manipulation, sharing and transfer or information through the use of electronically-based equipments to satisfy man’s needs (Albacea p. 4).Thus, in this definition we are not just referring to information itself but also for the communication aspects of the information system which is of wide use today. The Return of Investment, on the other hand, includes the costs and benefits in putting up a firm. Mainly, it is more focused on maximizing the benefits of the firm. In dealing with information systems, the definition of the return of investment is better to be extended so a to include not only the tangible but also the tangible benefits a firm or an office can derived in establishing their own information system (Grimes).To make a c lear measurement of the ROI, let us have only two groups of consideration. Since most of the websites on the internet are focused only on either commercial or information sake, then we shall consider the firms that invests on utilizing information systems for commercial purposes and the other ones are those that utilizes the information system for information sake such as the government.In the first category, measuring the cost of building an information-related investment such as websites for selling or doing e-commerce can be clearly seen. E-commerce is an innovation in the information technology where consumers can transact with sellers using only information system (Albacea p. 256). Since the cost for hiring a programmer, for example, in creating a website for a commercial firm, the hardware and other features such as searching or blog which can be brought through licensing are known, then the total cost of establishing this set up can be computed and is just can be known by mak ing a total of all of the expenses and efforts.The other part, which is computing the benefits, is rather the difficult part of it. This may be the reason why business owners and IT leaders are not interested in knowing or having a precise or definite benefit evaluation or effectiveness after they had made a website or an e-commerce page. According to Mary K. Pratt of the Computerworld of US in one of her features, the ROI for a website must be necessarily measured.She justified the ROI is truly measurable, and that those companies that are not measuring it doesn’t really concern of what their money’s worth. She takes, for example, Kia Motors. Kia Motors has for their websites visitor and mostly, what their basis of ranking is on the probability or likelihood of the customer to purchase a motor. They said that those that are downloading their white page are more likely to purchase a motor than those that only browse through their homepage.They can also measure the bene fits on how advertisements on the Internet have changed their production and gross profit. If they see that they had made an advertisement on the Internet but has no increase on the sales, assuming all other factors are held constant, then the information-based technique they use is ineffective.Since ROI’s concern is in costs and benefits, we should also take the advantages of having information related systems than not having any. For example, we can measure how we can save money by replacing the paper ads or printed documents by the electronic version.About 18%, according to the analysts, of the printed document of a business firm becomes expired or not updated after just seven days or a week-long of time. Thus, after this period, they must be replaced by the updated ones. On the other hand, updating publications on the web will cost less than updating the printed ones (McGrath). Hence, this is one way of showing how information systems can cause a movement of the computati on of the ROI.For the firms that utilizes the information system for commercial purposes, ROI can be measured in this way – the cost or the expenses can be easily calculated by just summing up the expenses made in putting up or establishing an electronic-based project, and the benefits, though not clearly seen, can be calculated by taking into consideration its effect on the business and how it can cut costs for the establishment.Now, let us look at the second category which is the firms or offices that utilizes information system for information-sake. The most common example for this category is the government. Usually, included in their budget is the allocation for having information systems that are helpful for public. If the benefits in the commercial-related are not clearly seen, here in the second category, the benefits are even more difficult to measure.Take United States for example. According to Center for Technology of Government at the University of Albany, even af ter some years of having information system exclusive for government information, the return of investment for this particular project is uncertain and is very hard to put in numbers (ctg.albany.edu†¦PrintVersion=1). Why is this so?Similar to the first category, the input resources for putting up or for the establishment of the information system to be used by the government can be readily computed for this is only the sum of all the expenses needed in the establishment. This will surely includes the wages or salaries of the personnel involved, the purchases made, and other licensing expenses.Government usually has its websites for its departments to ensure that the public will be well informed of national issues and information that are of public concern or the public can have great use of them. Again, return of investment is concern with the cost and the benefits. Now, how can we measure the benefits? If the members of the first categories’ benefits can be measured by seeing the effect of the system to their business, government’s measurement of the benefits is a lot more different.Remember that the benefits as defined earlier simultaneously with the Return of Investment don’t only include the tangible benefits but also the non-tangible ones. Thus, looking at the example earlier, the government has its own way of measuring the benefits. They had a standard assessment technique that gives results whether their investments or efforts in putting up the information system dedicated to serve the public has a significant effect or just a waste of time, effort and money (Grimes).This assessment technique needs some adjustments as justified by the Center of Technology for Government. This leads them to propose the Public Value Framework (Cresswell). The Public Value Framework emphasizes the role and importance of the public in assessing the performance of the information system used by the government. Unlike the previous system where only t he government are responsible for the evaluation done, the second system or the Public Value Framework will give power for the public in assessments.Therefore, for the firms or offices that utilize information system for information sake, like the first one, they had a clear computation for cost but a rather difficult computation for benefits. The ROI can be computed by computing the cost through obtaining the summation of all the expenses and the benefits can be seen on the effects or how their objectives of putting up the system are fulfilled. That is, if the public has more satisfaction in using the system established by the government, then the government’s return of investment is indeed higher.In general, measuring the return of investment for an information system is not an easy task because of the complexity on the non-tangible benefits it has to offer, even if the cost of establishing the information system is clearly and be easily computed. In the end, the basis of t he measurement of the return of investment is still in how it would affect the entities it is intended to be useful for or how the goals or objectives of a firm who puts up the system is attained or become more possible. It is recommended that more studies be made to make a standard basis for computation of the return of investment even if it has to involve many factors that are hard to put in numbers.ReferencesPratt, Mary K.( May 28, 2007) â€Å"Measuring Your Website’s Return of Investment.† Business Technology Leadership. 6 July 2007. .Cresswell, Anthony M, et al. (September 2006). Advancing Return of Investment Analysis for Government IT. 6 July 2007Grimes, Brad and Joab Jackson. (September 2006). What’s you IT investment worth –really? 6 July 2007Center for Technology in Government. 6 July 2007McGrath, George   and Anthony Schneider. Measuring Intranet Return On Investment. 6 July 2007.Albacea, Eliezer A. Information Technology Literacy I. UPLB, Ph ilippines: UPLB Foundation, Inc. 2005.

Definition Of The Drug Addiction Essay - 1450 Words

CHAPTER # 1 INTERODUCTION Definition of the Drug Addiction (Moal2006).It is a condition in which there is an irresistible craving to continue taking a drug/chemical/medicine to which one has become habitual through frequent consumption because it produces a specific effect, usually modification of mental condition Nowadays Drug addiction is a big problem in society. It is quickly increasing day by day. We want to determine the factors identification of drug addiction in youngsters in DIK. Here youngsters age between 10 to 18 years. Why do take drug youngsters 1. Now a day’s life has become so busy and full of tensions as well. Few people think that these drugs can make their life better or temporarily remove their tensions. Few people take drugs to bring changes in their life style. There are multiple reasons for drug addiction most important are: †¢ People think drugs will keep them fit and fine. †¢ People take drugs to forget painful memories †¢ To escape from the depression and anxieties †¢ To relieve tediousness †¢ Just for experimental purpose or for a bet †¢ To look grown up. People think that these drugs are the real solution for every problem but they are actually putting themselves in much bigger problem. Find out the truth about drug Many factors are taking drug addiction but Poverty and society are main factors of drug addictions in DIK. Many people take drug for relaxation himself due to stress. The some take drug as a fashion. Addicted youngsters create bigShow MoreRelatedDetection Of Alcohol And Drug Use, And Definition Of Addiction1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdoing alcohol and/or drugs- To Identify and Help rather than Catch and Punish. General: General and specific guides to detection of alcohol and drug use, and definition of addiction. Contents:I. 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The Civil War Of The Sudan - 1269 Words

To get further acquainted with the severity of the unrest and overall political, social, and economic status of the Sudan, it is paramount that the country’s past be brought to light. Since declaring independence in 1956, The Republic of Sudan has experienced multiple civil wars. These are usually caused by dissatisfaction with the government in power as citizens are constantly repressed politically, economically, and culturally. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 aimed to end the violence but only managed to lead to the independence of South Sudan in 2011 and otherwise had little to no impact on areas still warring because of poor implementation of the agreement. The conflict has, at times, been referred to as a â€Å"civil war of interlocking civil wars† (insightonsudan.org). In 1998 a famine hit Sudan, causing the warring factions at the time to take over the food supplies and use them as weapons against the people. In the end, over 2 million people died and m ore than 4 million found themselves displaced. This lead to a coup that would eventually leave Omar al-Bashir the president. Under this new rule, The Sudan began an era of governmental repression and saw the conditions of their country deteriorate due to the violence. Freedom of Speech Much like the United States, the Sudan has a national security agency, the National Intelligence Security Service or NISS. 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